信息判断 · Information Literacy
不要先问“听起来是否先进”，先问它来自哪里、研究了谁、改变了什么、有什么风险、适用于谁。
优先寻找原始研究、权威公共卫生机构、专业指南或能说明审查过程的资料。只有销售页面、匿名转述或无法打开的“研究证明”，都不足以支持强结论。
细胞、动物、健康志愿者和特定疾病患者不能互相替代。年龄、样本量、纳入标准和随访时间决定结果能够外推到多大范围。
区分相对变化与绝对变化，留意是否只有替代指标变化，而生活质量、症状、住院或生存等实际结果并未得到验证。
寻找不良事件、失访、利益冲突、研究限制和仍需验证的内容。只谈好处、不谈风险，或者声称“一种方法解决多种疾病”，都是需要提高警惕的信号。
群体平均结果不等于个人建议。任何涉及症状、诊断、药物、补充剂或干预的决定，都应结合个人病史和专业医疗判断。
Information Literacy
Before asking whether something sounds advanced, ask where it came from, who was studied, what changed, what the risks were, and who the result applies to.
Look first for original research, authoritative public-health bodies, professional guidance, or materials that explain their review process. A sales page, anonymous retelling, or unavailable “study” cannot support a strong conclusion.
Cells, animals, healthy volunteers, and patients with a defined condition are not interchangeable. Age, sample size, eligibility criteria, and follow-up determine how far a result can reasonably be applied.
Separate relative from absolute change. Check whether only a surrogate marker changed while practical outcomes such as quality of life, symptoms, hospitalization, or survival remain untested.
Look for adverse events, missing follow-up, conflicts of interest, study limitations, and questions that still need validation. Claims that mention benefits but omit risks—or promise that one method treats many unrelated conditions—deserve extra caution.
An average group result is not a personal recommendation. Decisions about symptoms, diagnosis, medication, supplements, or interventions require personal medical history and appropriate professional judgment.